基于生态安全格局的国土空间生态修复关键区域识别——以贺州市为例

国土空间生态修复是落实生态文明建设战略的重要举措。科学识别国土空间生态修复关键区域，合理布局全域生态修复空间是当前国土空间规划面临的难点之一。以广西壮族自治区贺州市为例，从生态保护重要性、景观连通性、生态功能重要区域和自然保护区四个方面识别生态源地，运用电路理论提取生态廊道，构建生态安全格局。通过电流密度诊断生态廊道中的生态"夹点"和生态障碍点，判定生态廊道宽度，识别国土空间生态保护修复关键区域，制定生态修复的空间布局策略。研究结果表明：（1）市域生态源地面积3656.89 km²，呈"东西重，中部轻"的空间分布特征；生态廊道总长度639.50 km，以中部分布为主，关键生态廊道133.96 km。（2）市域生态"夹点"共16处，面积124.24 km²，主要分布在钟山县，亟待保护修复的生态"夹点"8处，面积45.02 km²，零散分布于市域；生态障碍点共32处，面积426.56 km²，主要分布在市域东部和南部，需优先保护修复的生态障碍点6处，面积166.05 km²，集中在平桂区。通过综合分析国土生态修复关键区域土地利用现状和空间分布特征，制定了分级分类的生态修复措施，以期进一步优化生态安全格局，为国土空间生态修复区域识别和国土空间生态修复规划编制提供参考。     

Identification of a new small molecule chemotype of Melanin Concentrating Hormone Receptor-1 antagonists using pharmacophore-based virtual screening

MCH receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor with two subtypes R1 and R2. Many studies have demonstrated the role of MCH-R1 in feeding and energy homeostasis. It has been proven that oral administration of small molecule MCH-R1 antagonists significantly reduces food intake and causes a dose-dependent weight loss. In this study, two ligand-based pharmacophores were developed and validated based on recently published MCH-R1 antagonists with diverse structures. Successful pharmacophores had one hydrogen bond acceptor, one positive ionizable, one ring aromatic and two or three hydrophobic groups. These 3D-QSAR models were used for virtual screening of the ZINC chemical database resulting in the identification of nine compounds with more than 50% displacement of radiolabeled MCH at a 20 μM concentration. Moreover, four of these compounds showed antagonistic activities in Aequorin functional assay, including MH-3 which is the first MCH-R1 antagonist based on a diazaspiro[4.5]decane scaffold. The most active compounds were also docked into our previously published MCH-R1 homology model to gain insights into their binding determinants. These compounds could represent a viable starting scaffold for the design of potent MCH-R1 antagonists with improved pharmacokinetic properties as an effective treatment for obesity.     

Actomyosin-like ATPase extracted from plain synaptic vesicle fractions

Ca²⁺-sensitive Mg²⁺-dependent ATP phosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.3, ATPase) was extracted from the plain synaptic vesicle fractions that were virtually devoid of contamination. The protein pattern of the ATPase preparation on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis closely resembled that of actomyosin from skeletal muscle. The finding suggests that the main components of the ATPase are actin- and myosin-like proteins of the brain (stenin and neurin). Microsome and synaptosomal plasmalemma fractions were extracted under the same conditions to examine the possibility that the ATPase extracted derived from contaminating particulates. An entirely different ATPase was extracted from microsomes, and no protein from plasma membranes. Although Ca²⁺-sensitive Mg²⁺-dependent ATPase was extracted from coated vesicle fraction, the electrophoretic pattern was dissimilar to that of the ATPase from plain synaptic vesicle fractions. It may be inferred that the whole complex of neurostenin is located in plain synaptic vesicles from the brain.     

"台湾甜桃"引种试验及主要栽培技术

1999年福建省龙岩市引进短低温型水蜜桃品种－－“台湾甜桃”示范种植，表现速生、早产、丰产、稳产、适应性强，适宜龙岩地区中低海拔的城郊地带推广种植。生产上应采取择地建园、适期配方施肥、培养树体合理结构、高效低毒农药防治病虫、适时疏果等栽培技术措施。     

Identifying the methodological characteristics of European green city rankings

City rankings that aim to measure the environmental sustainability of European cities may contribute to the evaluation and development of environmental policy of European cities. The objective of this study is to identify and evaluate the methodological characteristics of these city rankings. First, a methodology was developed to systematically identify methodological characteristics of city rankings within different steps of the ranking development process. Second, six city rankings (European Energy Award, European Green Capital Award, European Green City Index, European Soot-free City Ranking, RES Champions League, Urban Ecosystem Europe) were examined. Official websites and any methodological documents found on those websites were content analyzed using the developed methodology. Interviews with representatives of the city rankings were conducted to acquire any additional information. Results showed that the city rankings varied greatly with respect to their methodological characteristics and that all city rankings had methodological weaknesses. Developers of city rankings are advised to use the methodology developed in this study to find methodological weaknesses and improve their ranking. In addition, developers ought to be more transparent about the methodological characteristics of their city rankings. End-users of city rankings are advised to use the developed methodology to identify and evaluate the methodological characteristics of city rankings before deciding to act on ranking results.     

海岸带城市生态承载力综合评价——以连云港市为例

海岸带是人类聚居和海洋资源开发利用的重点区域。海岸带城市综合生态承载力体现了海岸带生态系统对人类社会经济活动的承受能力,是判断海岸带城市生态系统健康程度和制定海岸带环境管理政策的重要依据。基于"压力(P)-状态(S)-响应(R)"概念模型,以连云港市为例,构建海岸带综合生态承载力评价指标体系,并对2005—2014年间连云港市的综合生态承载力进行评价。结果显示:连云港市海岸带综合生态承载力呈现逻辑斯蒂式波动上升趋势,2005—2007年处于超载状态,2008—2011年基本处于平衡状态,2012年后处于可载状态。对影响承载力的主要因素进行贡献度分析的结果表明:负向指标中,海岸带环境压力大于人口压力;正向指标中,海岸带经济发展水平及科技支撑条件的贡献呈上升趋势,海岸带可利用资源波动下降。结合相关分析和因子分析,得出海岸带环境压力、科技支撑条件及经济发展水平是制约综合承载力的关键因素。研究结果对海岸带地区环境管理及可持续发展政策制定具有重要意义。     

Long‐term outcomes of forest restoration in an urban park

Creating, restoring, and sustaining forests in urban areas are complicated by habitat fragmentation, invasive species, and degraded soils. Although there is some research on the outcomes of urban reforestation plantings during the first 5 years, there is little research on longer term outcomes. Here, we compare the successional trajectories of restored and unrestored forest sites 20 years after initiating restoration. The sites are located within the Rodman's Neck area of Pelham Bay Park, in the northeast corner of the Bronx in New York City (NYC), U.S.A. Compared with unrestored sites, we saw improvements in species diversity, greater forest structure complexity, and evidence of the regeneration and retention of native tree species in restored sites. In addition, we found differences in restoration outcomes depending on the level of intervention: clearing exotic shrubs and vines and planting native trees and shrubs improved tree diversity and canopy closure to a greater extent than clearing exotics alone, and the mechanical removal of invasive plants after the native plantings further improved some measures of restoration, such as tree species diversity and native tree regeneration. The results of this study suggest that the goal of a sustainable forest ecosystem dominated by native trees and other plant species may not be achievable without continued human intervention on site. In addition, these results indicate that the restoration approach adopted by NYC's reforestation practitioners is moving the site toward a more desirable vegetative community dominated by native species.     

武汉市绿色廊道景观格局

绿色廊道作为城市关键的景观结构要素,在维持城市生物多样性,改善城市生态环境,调节小气候等方面发挥着重要的作用.以武汉市建成区为例,探讨城市绿色廊道景观格局定量研究的方法,使其充分发挥生态功能,从而指导城市绿色廊道的规划与建设.利用GIS处理基础资料,对城市廊道系统进行提取与分类,生成拓扑关系图,并计算景观格局指标参数.从廊道景观的构成和绿色廊道的网络结构两方面详细分析了武汉市建成区各行政区内各类型绿色廊道的景观格局.结果表明：在武汉市建成区内,灰色廊道最长,占廊道总长的63.53﹪;绿色廊道极其缺乏,总密度仅为2.63 km/km^2;在绿色廊道中,绿色道路廊道最长,占绿色廊道总长的60.29﹪.绿色廊道普遍较窄,绿带的长度不到其它类型绿色廊道总长的1/3;绿色道路廊道最窄,少数达20 m.绿色铁路廊道面积较小,为1.68 km^2,其它类型的绿色廊道面积相当,各占总面积的30﹪左右;3个行政区中,武昌的绿色廊道长度最长,面积最大.绿色廊道网络线点率、环通度及连通度均不高,网络结构简单,不利于城市生物多样性的维持.绿色道路廊道网络结构相对最复杂;绿带的网络连通性最差,没有回路存在;武昌的绿色河流廊道、绿带以及绿色铁路廊道网络结构最复杂,绿色道路廊道网络最复杂的是汉口.武汉市绿色廊道的建设,应注重长度和宽度的增加,提高绿带的比例;重视各类型绿色廊道及其在各行政区间的均匀分布;减少绿色廊道的断开区,增加网络连通性;使其走向与城市主导风向一致,兼顾通风走廊的功能.